Lesson3

 

Vocabulary

 

Nouns

announcement   �ӻ�С��

             Announcements of births, marriages and deaths appear in some newspapers.

                  �ӻ�С�ȡ���Դ ����觧ҹ ��õ�� ��ҡ��˹ѧ��;����ҧ��Ѻ

national anthem   �ŧ�ҵ�

             The Thai anthem was played at the opening and closing ceremonies.

                  �ŧ�ҵ��¶١���㹡���Դ��лԴ�Ըյ�ҧ�

debt   ˹��

             I need to pay off all my debts before I leave the country.

                               ï¿½Ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹µï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¡ï¿½Ô¹ï¿½Ò§ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½È¹ï¿½ï¿½

discipline   �Թ��

             Order and discipline have been placed in the hands of headmasters and governing bodies.

                               ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¢Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ë­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð½ï¿½ï¿½Â»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§

position   ʶҹ��ó�   �������  ���˹�

            This put me in a difficult position.

                             ï¿½ï¿½è§¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê¶Ò¹Ð·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ÓºÒ¡ï¿½

                   The party�s position on education reform.

                             ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹¢Í§ï¿½ï¿½Ã¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ù»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ö¡ï¿½ï¿½

              He held a senior position in this company.   

                              ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Õµï¿½ï¿½Ë¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹ºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ·

Verbs

retreat (from danger/defeat)     ���

             The troop retreated after suffering heavy losses.

                         ï¿½Í§ï¿½Ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½Ò¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ù­ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ë­ï¿½

confirm   �׹�ѹ

             Please telephone before Sunday to confirm your reservation.

                               ï¿½ï¿½Ø³ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½Í¹ï¿½Ñ¹ï¿½Ò·Ôµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¹ï¿½Ñ¹ï¿½ï¿½Ã¨Í§ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½Ò¹

discipline   �ס���������º�Թ��

             He disciplined himself to exercise at least three times a week.

                            ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½×¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Âºï¿½Ô¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

display   �ʴ�������

             When flags of different nations are displayed or carried together, international law requires the flags to be the same size and flown at the same height. 1

                              ����͸��ͧ�ҵԵ�ҧ�١�Ѵ�ʴ������¡ѹ �����ѡ�������ҡš�˹���Ҹ�����ҹ�鹵�ͧ�բ�Ҵ��ҡѹ����դ����٧�дѺ���ǡѹ

fly   (��)⺡����������ҡ��

             US flags are flown outside schools, office buildings, on military bases, and often outside homes.1 

                               ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Òµï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ°ï¿½âº¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¡ï¿½Ã§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â¹ �Ҥ��ʶҹ�Ҫ��� �ҹ�Ѿ ��к��¤��駷����繵����ҹ

1  =  American Language Course, Second Edition, Book 17, Defense Language Institute, English Language Center, page 82

gather   ��������

             Before the Secretary General leaves for Freelander, officials from NATO countries will gather for an international luncheon on Wednesday.1

                             ï¿½ï¿½Í¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¢Ò¸Ô¡ï¿½Ã¨ï¿½ï¿½Í¡ï¿½Ô¹ï¿½Ò§ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���˹�ҷ��ҡ�ҵԡ��������������Ѻ��зҹ����á�ҧ�ѹ��ѹ�ظ

indicate   �ʴ�   ���͡   ��

             The results are indicated in table 2.

                              ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ¾ï¿½ï¿½Ù¡ï¿½Ê´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹µï¿½ï¿½Ò§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§

participate   ����ǹ����

             She didn�t participate in the discussion.

                                ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ã¹¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

place   �ҧ

             They place their right hand over their heart.1  

                                ï¿½Ç¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§ï¿½ï¿½Í¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½éº¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

1  =  American Language Course, Second Edition, Book 17, Defense Language Institute, English Language Center, page 82

precede   �ҡ�͹   ����˹��   ��˹��   ������ӴѺ��͹

             See the preceding chapter.

                                ï¿½Ùºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¹Ë¹ï¿½Ò¹ï¿½ï¿½

protect   ����ͧ

             Each company is fighting to protect its own commercial interests.

                               ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ðºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½Å»ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Âªï¿½ï¿½Ò§ï¿½ï¿½Ã¤ï¿½Ò¢Í§ï¿½ï¿½

support   ʹѺʹع

          These measures are strongly supported by environmental groups.

                              ï¿½ÒµÃ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê¹ÑºÊ¹Ø¹ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ò§ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½Ò¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ô·Ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

�Ӥس�Ѿ�� (adjectives)

disciplined   ���������º�Թ��

             Soldiers are disciplined people.

                               ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹ºØ¤ï¿½Å·ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Âºï¿½Ô¹ï¿½ï¿½

formal   �繾Ը�   ���Ẻ

          He kept the tone of letter formal and businesslike.

                              ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñ¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð´Ñºï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹·Ò§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð¸ï¿½Ã¡Ô¨ (������ӹǹẺ�ѹ�ͧ)

official   ��觷ҧ���   �繷ҧ���   ����ǡѺ�ҧ���

          According to the official figures, over one thousand people died during the revolution.

                                ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Å¢ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹·Ò§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ ���ҡ����˹�觾ѹ��������ҧ����ѵ�

mandatory   ����繡�úѧ�Ѻ

          It is mandatory for blood banks to test all donated blood for the virus.

                                         ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½Ñºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñºï¿½ï¿½Ò¤ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í§ï¿½ï¿½Ç¨ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í´ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ñºï¿½ï¿½Ãºï¿½Ô¨Ò¤ï¿½ï¿½

Exercise

1         Don�t ask Tim to bring the report. He�s not very ______.

a.       dependable               

b.       messy

c.        clever

2         The guards will ____ in the hall for a meeting with their supervisor.

a.        display

b.       gather  

c.        together

3         It�s ______ for junior officers to salute senior officers.

a.       mandatory 

b.       must

c.        obligatoire

4         Lunch is at noon. English class was at 1300. Lunch ________ English class.

a.       precedes   

b.       follows

c.        advances

5         Lieutenant Joe follows all the rules and regulations. He�s a _____ officer.

a.       discipline

b.       regulated

c.        disciplined    

6         The Prime Minister will make an important ______ today at 1500.

a.       exhibit

b.       announcement    

c.        display  

7         The air force _______ the navy from the air.

a.       supports  

b.       supporter

c.        supporting

8         The party is very ______. Please wear a jacket and tie.

a.       unformal

b.       formal       

c.        private

9         All _______ documents of this school must be signed by the director.

a.       disciplined

b.       official    

c.        must

10     How many students are _______ in the parade today?

a.       participating   

b.       associating

c.        indicating

11     The penguins huddled together to ______ themselves from the wind.

a.        protect 

b.       support

c.        detect

12     Don�t use a credit card too often or you�ll soon have a big _______.

                 a. debt  

b. diet

                 c. deem

Answer

 

Tag Question

                 Tag Question ��ͻ���¤����Сͺ�����ͧ��ǹ ��ǹ�á�繤ӡ���� (statement) ����Ҩ�С���Ǻ͡�������͡���ǻ���ʸ ��ǹ��ѧ (tag or tail) �繤Ӷ���������ѡ���

                �����ǹ�á�繺͡����                                  ï¿½ï¿½Ç¹ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹¤Ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ê¸

                 (Affirmative clause)                                   (Negative tag question)

                 She is beautiful,                                               isn�t she?

                 �����ǹ�á�繻���ʸ                                           ï¿½ï¿½Ç¹ï¿½ï¿½Ñ§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ç¹¤Ó¶ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Í¡ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½

                 (negative clause)                                               (affirmative tag question)

                  She isn�t beautiful,                                            is she?

          ��ͤ������ǹ�á���繺͡�������ͻ���ʸ�������Ѻ�����㨢ͧ���ٴ ��Ҽ��ٴ��ѧ����ӵͺ yes �Ҩ�����ǹ�á�繺͡���� �������ǹ�á�繻���ʸ���ʴ����������㨢ͧ���ٴ

           ����Ѻ���ͺ �ͺ����������ԧ������ͧ�ӹ֧�֧�ѡɳТͧ�Ӷ��  2   (page363)

           ����¤��ǹ�á����դ� none   never   nothing , etc. ��Сͺ���� ��ǹ tag ���繺͡���� (affirmative)

                No mugs were broken, were they?

                Nothing is missing, is it?

             �˹ѧ��� ALC book 17 page 72 �������Ҷ���дѺ���§ (intonation) ���ǹ����¤ tag �� (falling) ���ٴ��ѧ��Ҽ��ѧ����繴��¡Ѻ��

                         ��   You forgot, didn�t you? ���§��

             ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ð´Ñºï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Â§ï¿½ï¿½ï¿½Ç¹ tag ����٧ ���ٴ��������һ���¤��ǹ�á (statement) ����Ҿٴ�١��ͧ�������

                         ï¿½ï¿½   We have a meeting at 7, don�t we? ���§����٧

Exercise

1         Our school has too many students, _________ it?

a.     does                               b.   has                               c.   doesn�t 

2         She has never been late, ______ she?

a.     does                               b.   hasn�t                           c.   has  

3         He should get a hair cut, ______ he?

        a.   should                            b.   shouldn�t                       c.   doesn�t

 

Answer

 

Although   though   even though ������������� ������Ҕ �繤������͹ػ���¤ (clause)  ï¿½ç¹¤ï¿½ conjunction of contrast ��ͤӷ�����������¢Ѵ��� ���ҧ���˹��͹ػ���¤������ information clause

Conjunction of contrast   +          information clause           ,          surprising fact clause

Although                                      the sign says No Parking      ,      she parked next to it.

Though                                        the sign says No Parking      ,      she parked next to it.

Even though                                the sign says No Parking      ,      she parked next to it.

�����Ҩ��¹����¤��������                    She parked next to the sign though it says No Parking.

Shorten embedded questions to infinitive phrases1  (page 88)

Embedded question clauses  �����    should, could, can  ��Сͺ���� ����öŴ�ٻ��  to-infinitive phrases ��

Main clause                             embedded question clause                      to-infinitive phrase

                                                  what                  I should do                         what to do

                                                  when                 we can leave                      when to leave

I don�t know                               how                  I could fix it                          how to fix it

Do you know                          who/whom            we could ask                      who/whom to ask

                                                  which bus         I can take                            which bus to take

                                                  whose plan        we should follow                whose plan to follow

Match the clause in column A with column B

                  column  A                                                        column  B

 1   He was wondering which job offer                  ___   though she�s been on a diet for months.

 2   She has no idea which bag                            ___   she doesn�t anymore.

 3   Even though she used to enjoy cooking,          ___   I�ll have another slice of your cheese cake.

 4   Though I�m already full,                                  ___   she can throw away.

 5   She hasn�t lost any weight,                              ___   he should accept.

Answer


Reference

1   =    American Language Course Second Edition book17, Defense Language Institute, English Language Center

 2   =    Grammar and Techniques of the English Language 1999 Edition. Lert Kesorncam, Thaiwatanaphanich