Lesson 2

 


 



 

 

I went to New Zealand

in 2010.

 

�ѹ任���ȹ�ǫ��Ź��㹻� 2010

 

 

I have been to Australia

three times.

 

�ѹ任������������������� 3 ����

 


 

 

Grammar: simple past vs present perfect

 

�ҡ������ҧ����¤��ҹ�����������ٻ�ͧ����ҹ�鹨�ᵡ��ҧ�ѹ  ����¤�á�繡���Ҫ�ͧ 2 ��觡��� simple past ��ǹ����¤��� 2 �����������ٻ verb to have ��ͧ 1 + v.��ͧ 3 �ʴ������ present perfect  �ҡ��ҹʧ�����ҷ�������¤��� 2 �֧���������͹�ѹ  �ͧ�٤�͸Ժ�´�ҹ��ҧ

 

Tense

ʶҹ��ó�����

������ҧ

Simple Past

Subject + v. (2)

- ����͡���Ƕ֧��á�зӷ���Դ��鹳 ���ҷ��Ѵਹ�ʹյ

- I went to New Zealand in 2010.

�ѹ仹�ǫ��Ź��㹻� 2010

 

- I graduated 10 years ago.

�ѹ������֡�������� 10 �շ������

- ����͡���Ƕ֧��á�зӷ���Դ��鹤���˹���������¤����ʹյ��診�����

- My parents visited me in Australia once. (Now I'm in Bangkok.)

������ͧ�����������������������¤���˹�� (�͹�����������ͧ������)

 

- I called you three times this morning.

�����Ҥس 3 ���� �������ҹ�� (�͹�����ԡ������)

-�ӷ���ѡ����Ѻ simple past ���

-ago

-before + (an event)

-after + (an event)

-at + (time)

-last (day/time word)

- Two years ago I met a handsome man.

2�շ�����ǩѹ��������ٻ���ͤ�˹��

 

- Before getting married, he drank a lot.

��͹���觧ҹ  �Ҵ����Ѵ (��ش������ѧ�觧ҹ)

 

- After getting divorced, he went back to drinking and died from cancer.

��ѧ�ҡ�������  �ҡ�Ѻ仴����ա������ª��Ե�����ä�����

 

- His family held the funeral for him (yesterday) at 9 am.

��ͺ���Ǣͧ�ҨѴ�ҹȾ����� (������ҹ���) ���� 9 ������

 

- Last night I saw him in my dream saying goodbye.

����ͤ׹���ѹ�����㹽ѹ������� �͡��

Present Perfect

Subject + v. have (1) + v.(3)

- ����͡���Ƕ֧��á�зӷ��������ʹյ��д��Թ�Ҷ֧�Ѩ�غѹ

- I have been to Australia three times.

�ѹ�������������� 3 �������� (�����ʹյ���֧�Ѩ�غѹ)

 

- The Royal Thai Navy Convention Hall has been a famous venue for various national and international functions.

�ͻ�Ъ���ͧ�Ѿ��������ʶҹ������ժ������§㹡�èѴ�ҹ�дѺ�ҵ�����дѺ�ҹҪҵ� (���ҵ�ʹ�������������Թ��è��֧�Ѩ�غѹ)

- ����͡���Ƕ֧��á�зӷ���Դ����ʹյ (����ա���к����ҷ���Դ���)

- They have already taken the test.

�ǡ����Ӣ���ͺ���� (�����ҷ������ʹյ  ����������ҷ� � �����˹)

 

- Have you ever been to Europe?

�س������û��� (������ʹյ�����  ������к���ҵ�ͧ�繪�ǧ�˹�ͧ���Ե

-�ӷ���ѡ����Ѻ present perfect ���

-since

-for + (time)

-always

-___ times

-lately

-already

-yet

-just

-never

-ever

-recently

- I have worked here since 1999.

�ѹ�ӧҹ������ҵ����� 1999.

 

- I have worked here for 14 years.

�ѹ�ӧҹ�������14 ������

 

- I have always worked here.

�ѹ�ӧҹ������ҵ�ʹ

 

- I haven't experienced working in other unit yet.

�ѹ�ѧ������ջ��ʺ��ó�㹡�÷ӧҹ�Ѻ˹��§ҹ���

 

- I have just completed a military training.

�ѹ��觨Ш��ҡ��ý֡����

 

- I have never participated in any joint combined exercise.

�ѹ��������������ý֡����/��������

 

- I have ever witnessed a deadly accident once.

����˹�觩ѹ��������غѵ��˵������ç���µҢͧ����ͧ

 

- I haven't seen the stray dog recently.

��ǧ��ѧ��� �ѹ������������عѢ�������Ңͧ��ǹ�����

 

 

Rewrite the sentences using the word given.

����¹����¤����ҹ������  ����ӷ�������

1. CAPT Dudley lives on base.

(in 2009)

(never)

2. Vice Admiral Lawrence is going to resign soon.

(last October)

(already)

3. The CO is yelling at the XO.

(just)

(this morning)

4. All commissioned officers subscribe to Naval Science Journal.

(after)

(recently)

5. The fleet review attracts a large number of tourists.

(always)

(2 years ago)


��µ�����ҧ�ӵͺ

 

1. CAPT Dudley lives on base.

�����͡�Ѵ�������������㹰ҹ�Ѿ


simple present �͡����稨�ԧ

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.goarmy.com/soldier-life/army-family-strong/army-daily-life/army-housing.html

 

(in 2009) CAPT Dudley lived on base in 2009.

�����͡�Ѵ�������������㹰ҹ�Ѿ����ͻ� 2009

simple past �͡��觷���Դ�������ҷ����͹�ʹյ

(never) CAPT Dudley has never lived on base.

�����͡�Ѵ������������������㹰ҹ�Ѿ

present perfect �͡��觷��������ʹյ���Թ�֧�Ѩغѹ (�Ѩ�غѹ���ѧ���������)

2. Vice Admiral Lawrence is going to resign soon.

����������ù������͡�������

present  progressive�͡��觷����ѧ���Դ���

 


 

�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.defense.gov/WeekInPhotos/WeekInPhotosSlideShow.aspx?Date=11/02/2008

 

(last October) Vice Admiral Lawrence resigned last October.

����������ù�����͡�����͵��Ҥ�����ҹ��

simple past �͡��觷���Դ�������ҷ����͹�ʹյ

(already)  Vice Admiral Lawrence has already resigned.

����������ù�����͡�����

present perfect �͡��觷���з��������º��������  ����������ҷ����������

3. The CO is yelling at the XO.

��.���͡��ѧ�Ф͡������

present  progressive�͡��觷����ѧ�Դ���


�Ҿ�ҡ http://royalty-magazine.blogspot.com/2012_02_01_archive.html

(just) The CO has just yelled at the XO.

��.������觵Ф͡������present perfect �͡��觷�������������

(this morning) The CO yelled at the XO this morning.

��.���͵Ф͡�������������ҹ��

simple past �͡��觷���Դ�������ҷ����͹�ʹյ

 

4. All commissioned officers subscribe to Naval Science Journal.

��·����ѭ�Һѵ÷ء�����Ѥ�����Ҫԡ�����ù��ԡ��ʵ��

simple present �͡����稨�ԧ

 

 

 


 

�Ҿ�ҡ http://rtninstitute.blogspot.com/2012/07/blog-post_588.html

 

 

(after) After joining the unit, all commissioned officers subscribed to Naval Science Journal.

��·����ѭ�Һѵ÷ء�������Ѥ�����Ҫԡ�����ù��ԡ��ʵ������͹ҹ������

simple past �͡��觷���Դ����ʹյ � ����˹�� (�ѹ�������ҷӧҹ�˹���)

(recently) All commissioned officers have recently subscribed to Naval Science Journal

��·����ѭ�Һѵ÷ء�������Ѥ�����Ҫԡ�����ù��ԡ��ʵ����������ҹ�ҹ��

present perfect �͡��觷��������������������

5. The fleet review attracts a large number of tourists.

����ǹʹ���ҧ���ʹ֧�ٴ�ѡ��ͧ����Ǩӹǹ�ҡ

simple present �͡����稨�ԧ

 

 


 

�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/nation/marvellous-ships-on-show-in-fleet-display-seen-once-in-100-years/story-e6frg6nf-1226733252869

 

(always) The fleet review has always attracted a large number of tourists.

����ǹʹ���ҧ�����ѡ�д֧�ٴ�ѡ��ͧ����Ǩӹǹ�ҡ

present perfect �͡��觷��������ʹյ���Թ�֧�Ѩغѹ (�Ѩ�غѹ���ѧ�֧�ٴ����)

(2 years ago) The fleet review attracted a large number of tourists 2 years ago.

����ǹʹ���ҧ��������� 2 �շ��������֧�ٴ�ѡ��ͧ����Ǩӹǹ�ҡ

present perfect �͡��觷��������ʹյ���Թ�֧�Ѩغѹ (�Ѩ�غѹ���ѧ�֧�ٴ����)

 

Grammar: suffix -ous, noun to adj

 

 

 


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.mysafetysign.com/Chemical-Hazard-Signs/Hazardous-Area-Sign/SAF-SKU-S-0499.aspx

 



 

There are many hazards here so it is a very hazardous area.

 

���������觷�����ѹ���¨ӹǹ�ҡ

�ѹ�֧�繾�鹷���ѹ����

 

��ѡ���

 

�դӹ���ҧ�ӷ������ö����¹����繤Ӥس�Ѿ�� (adjectives) ��  �¡����� -ous �����ѧ�ӹ�����  �¨��դ���������� "���������仴���"  ���ҧ�蹵�����ҧ��ҹ�� hazardous = ���仴����ѹ����

 

Fill in the blanks by choosing the words in right column.

���������¤�������ó��¨Ѻ���Ѻ��㹴�ҹ���

1. Is water vapor the ______ form of water?

humorous

2. Everyone should realize smoking is ______ to our lungs.

poisonous

3. I can't stop laughing. It's ______.

danger

4. The plane went down in a ______ area.

gaseous

5. A well-educated person should be ______.

erroneous

6. Some plants in forests can be ______.

adventurous

7. I like his ______. He can always make me laugh.

mountainous

8. We'd better run. I can feel that ______ is coming.

courteous

9. Bungy jumping is an ______ activity which can pump up adrenalin.

humor

10. He is so absent-minded. Look at the ______ report he wrote.

injurious

 

���

 

1. Is water vapor the gaseous form of water?

�͹���繤�͹����ٻ�ͧ�������������

 

gas (noun) gaseous (adj.)

 


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/busting-a-myth-does-facebook-water-vapor-comment-disprove-global-warming.html

 

2. Everyone should realize smoking is injurious to our lungs.

�ء����õ��˹ѡ��ҡ���ٺ����������ʹ�ͧ��ҺҴ��

 

injury (noun) injurious (adj.)


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/01/29/lungs-from-heavy-smokers-may-be-just-as-safe-for-double-lung-transplant/

3. I can't stop laughing. It's humorous.

�ѹ��ش������������  �ѹ�š�ҡ

 

humor (noun) humorous (adj.)

 


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/uncontrollable-laughing-isn-chuckle-article-1.166882

 

4. The plane went down in a mountainous area.

����ͧ�Թ��ŧ㹾�鹷�������仴�������

 

mountain (noun) mountainous (adj.)


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/news17419.html

5. A well-educated person should be courteous.

������ա���֡�ҷ��դ��������ҷ

 

courtesy (noun) courteous (adj.)


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.traditioninaction.org/Cultural/A052cpIntroductions.htm

6. Some plants in forests can be poisonous.

�ת�ҧ��Դ㹻���Ҩ�繾��

 

poison (noun) poisonous (adj.)


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/poisonous-plants-and-fungi

7. I like his humor. He can always

make me laugh.

�ѹ�ͺ�����š�ͧ�� 

���ѡ�з����ѹ�������

 

humor (noun) humorous (adj.)


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.funnyloves.com/funny-mr-bean-back-in-child-life-funny-man-pictures/

8. We'd better run. I can feel that danger is coming.

��Ҥ�è��պ��� �ѹ����֡������ѹ���¡��ѧ��

 

danger (noun) dangerous (adj.)


�Ҿ�ҡ http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2012/02/19/weekend-diversion-run-for-your/

9. Bungy jumping is an adventurous activity which can pump up adrenalin.

���ⴴ�ѹ��������繡Ԩ��������ҷ�¤��������� �������ö���������д�չ��չ�ٺ�մ

 

adventure (noun) adventurous (adj.)


10. He is so absent-minded. Look at the erroneous report he wrote.

�������ҡ  �٧ҹ�������¹�ҫ�  �����ͼԴ��Ҵ

 

error (noun) errorneous (adj.)


�Ҿ�ҡ http://franklymydear14.blogspot.com

 

 

Grammar: Preposition of Time

 

 

 


�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.wallcg.com/gold-christmas-desktop-1680x1050-hd-gold-christmas-154293/

 

 

 

 

 

We'll have two week vacations

at Christmas!

 

��Ҩ����ѹ��ش�֧ 2 �ѻ����㹪�ǧ���ʵ����

 

Preposition of time ���� �ؾ���͡���� ������ҡ��� ����դ������·��ᵡ��ҧ�ѹ �ͧ�֡�ҵ��ҧ��ҧ��ҧ���

 

preposition of time

�����������

ʶҹ��ó�����

������ҧ

about/around

- ����� ����ҳ

- about/around + time

- About 10 o'clock, the team broke in to rescue the hostage.

����ҳ 10 ���ԡ� �����ء���仪��µ�ǻ�Сѹ

 

- The dining in will probably finish around midnight.

�ҹ�ҵ������ù�Ҩ����稻���ҳ���§�׹

after

- ����� ��ѧ�ҡ

- After + n.ing/sentence, main clause.

- Main clause after + n.ing/sentence.

- after + ����

- After taking care of the victim, the medic made the report to the police.

 

- After the medic took care of the victim, he made the report to the police.

��ѧ�ҡ�����������ͼ������������ ���˹�ҷ��ᾷ��������§ҹ������˹�ҷ����Ǩ

 

- After 11 o'clock the medic will have to go back to the hospital.

��ѧ11���ԡ� ���˹�ҷ��ᾷ��е�ͧ��Ѻ价���ç��Һ��

at

- ����� � (����)

- at + ���ҵ�����ԡ� / ��ǧ�ȡ�� / dawn / noon / midnight / night / the moment

- The canteen is the most crowded at noon.

�ç����è��蹷���ش�͹���§

 

- The C130 will take off at 1900 hrs sharp.

����ͧ C130 �Т������ 1900 �ç

 

- Many people will travel back to their hometown at New Year.

���ӹǹ�ҡ���Թ�ҧ��Ѻ��������㹪�ǧ������

 

- The aircraft carrier is having a situation at the moment.

���ͺ�÷ء����ͧ�Թ���ѧ�����ʶҹ��ó����Ӻҡ

before

- ����� ��͹���

- Before + n.ing/sentence, main clause.

- Main clause before + n.ing/sentence.

- before + ����

- Before making the report to the police, the medic took care of the victim.

 

- The medic took care of the victim before he made the report to the police.

��͹���з���§ҹ������˹�ҷ����Ǩ  ���˹�ҷ��ᾷ����������ͼ�����������¡�͹

 

- The medic has to submit the report before 11 o'clock.

���˹�ҷ��ᾷ��е�ͧ����§ҹ��͹ 11 ���ԡ�

between

- ����� �����ҧ

- before + �ش������� + and +�ش����ش

- The commandant will be in an important meeting between 08:30 and 11:30.

���ѭ�ҡ���ç���¹������㹡�û�Ъ���Ӥѭ��������� 0830 �֧ 1130

by

- ����� ������Թ����

- by + �ش����

- The participants need to be in the room by 10 o'clock for opening ceremony.

�����������ҹ�ء����ͧ件֧��ͧ�Ѵ�ҹ����Թ 10���ԡ� ����Ѻ�����Ը��Դ (件֧��͹����  �������ѧ�ҡ���)

during

- ����� ������ҧ ���� ��ʹ

- during + the/that/this + morning/night/day/week/month/year/time/season

- during + ��

- It rained during the night.

������ʹ�׹���

 

- My family will spend a week in Chiang Mai during the long holiday.

��ͺ���Ǣͧ�ѹ�������� 1 �ҷԵ�����§����㹪�ǧ�ѹ��ش��ǹ��

 

- During 2009, I had experienced a hard time.

�ѹ���ʺ�Ѻ�����ҡ�Ӻҡ��ʹ�� 2009

for

- ����� ����������

- for + �ӹǹ����

- �ѡ����Ѻ perfect tense

- Ruckchanok has been playing badminton for 10 years.

�ѡ������Ẵ�Թ�ѹ�������� 10 ������

from

- ����� ����������

- from + �ش����

- You have to study harder, and let start from now.

�س�е�ͧ��ѹ���¹����ҡ���  ��������ҡ�͹������

in

- ����� �����

- in + ��ǧ���Ңͧ�ѹ/��͹/��/�.�./ȵ����/Ĵ�

- In summer, there are more people walking outside at night.

�Ĵ���͹ ���դ��ӹǹ�ҡ�͡���Թ��蹢�ҧ�͡�͹��ҧ�׹

of

- ����� ��͹

- of + ����

- I would like to take a week's leave of the holidays.

����ҡ������ش 1 �ѻ�����͹�ѹ��ش�ȡ��

on

- ����� ��ѹ �����ѹ���

- of + day/date

- On the fourth of July, there will be amazing firework display at night.

��ѹ��� 4 �.�. ���ա���ʴ���ط���ҷ��㹵͹��ҧ�׹

over

- ����� ��ʹ�������������ҧ

- over + ����

- I plan to go to Kanchanaburi over the weekend.

�ѹ�ҧἹ�������ҭ������㹵�ʹ��ǧ�ش�ѻ������

past

- ����� ��ҹ����..�����

- past + ����

- My kids stayed up past their bedtime waiting for me to come back from party.

�١�ͧ�ѹ��������ҹ͹  ������ѹ��Ѻ�ҡ�ҹ������  ��������ҹ͹�ͧ�ǡ�������

since

- ����� �����

- since + �ش������ͧ����

- �ѡ����Ѻ perfect tense

- Ruckchanok has been playing badminton since 2003.

�ѡ������Ẵ�Թ�ѹ�ҵ����� 2003

through

- ����� ��ʹ

- through + ����

- Fortunately, I slept through the night.

⪤�ըѧ  �ѹ��Ѻ��ǵ�ʹ�׹

till/until

- ����� �����

- till/until + ����/����¤�͡����

- He had played basketball until he broke his leg.

����蹺��ࡵ����ҵ�ʹ����з�觢����ѡ(�֧��ش���)

 

Choose the best preposition for the blanks.

�����͡�ؾ�����١��ͧ 

1. You must be ready _____ 10 p.m.

a. at

b. in

c. for

2. The cadets were very tired _____ the end of the day.

a. by

b. on

c. with

3. Report to the CO _____ 10 o'clock.

a. since

b. for

c. before

4. The drill for the parade will begin _____ April 20.

a. for

b. between

c. around

5. The order will not come out _____ Monday.

a. until

b. at

c. in

 

���

 

1. You must be ready at 10 p.m.

�س�е�ͧ����� � ���� ������

2. The cadets were very tired by the end of the day.

�ѡ���¹������ͷ�������˹��������ҡ������Ҷ֧�͹���ͧ�ѹ

3. Report to the CO before 10 o'clock.

���§ҹ��ǡѺ ��.���͡�͹ 10 ���ԡ�

4. The drill for the parade will begin around April 20.

��ý֡����Ѻ����ǹʹ�������������ҳ�ѹ��� 20 ��.�.

5. The order will not come out until Monday.

����觨�����͡�Ҩ����Ҩ��ѹ�ѹ���