Lesson 2
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I
went to New Zealand in 2010. �ѹ任���ȹ�ǫ��Ź��㹻�
2010 |
I
have been to Australia three times. �ѹ任�������������������
3 ���� |
|
Grammar: simple past vs present perfect
�ҡ������ҧ����¤��ҹ�����������ٻ�ͧ����ҹ�鹨�ᵡ��ҧ�ѹ ����¤�á�繡���Ҫ�ͧ 2 ��觡��� simple
past ��ǹ����¤��� 2 �����������ٻ
verb to have ��ͧ 1 + v.��ͧ 3 �ʴ������
present perfect �ҡ��ҹʧ�����ҷ�������¤���
2 �֧���������͹�ѹ
�ͧ�٤�͸Ժ�´�ҹ��ҧ
Tense |
ʶҹ��ó����� |
������ҧ |
Simple
Past Subject +
v. (2) |
- ����͡���Ƕ֧��á�зӷ���Դ��鹳
���ҷ��Ѵਹ�ʹյ |
- I went to New Zealand in 2010. �ѹ仹�ǫ��Ź��㹻� 2010 - I graduated 10 years ago. �ѹ������֡�������� 10 �շ������ |
- ����͡���Ƕ֧��á�зӷ���Դ��鹤���˹���������¤����ʹյ��診����� |
- My parents visited me in Australia once. (Now I'm in
Bangkok.) ������ͧ�����������������������¤���˹�� (�͹�����������ͧ������) - I called you three times this morning. �����Ҥس 3 ���� �������ҹ�� (�͹�����ԡ������) |
|
-�ӷ���ѡ����Ѻ simple
past ��� -ago -before +
(an event) -after +
(an event) -at +
(time) -last
(day/time word) |
- Two years ago I met a handsome man. 2�շ�����ǩѹ��������ٻ���ͤ�˹�� - Before getting married, he drank a lot. ��͹���觧ҹ �Ҵ����Ѵ (��ش������ѧ�觧ҹ) - After getting divorced, he went back to drinking and died
from cancer. ��ѧ�ҡ������� �ҡ�Ѻ仴����ա������ª��Ե�����ä����� - His family held the funeral for him (yesterday) at 9 am. ��ͺ���Ǣͧ�ҨѴ�ҹȾ����� (������ҹ���) ���� 9 ������ - Last night I saw him in my dream saying goodbye. ����ͤ׹���ѹ�����㹽ѹ������� �͡�� |
|
Present
Perfect Subject +
v. have (1) + v.(3) |
- ����͡���Ƕ֧��á�зӷ��������ʹյ��д��Թ�Ҷ֧�Ѩ�غѹ |
- I have been to Australia three times. �ѹ�������������� 3 �������� (�����ʹյ���֧�Ѩ�غѹ) - The Royal Thai Navy Convention Hall has been a famous venue for
various national and international functions. �ͻ�Ъ���ͧ�Ѿ��������ʶҹ������ժ������§㹡�èѴ�ҹ�дѺ�ҵ�����дѺ�ҹҪҵ�
(���ҵ�ʹ�������������Թ��è��֧�Ѩ�غѹ) |
- ����͡���Ƕ֧��á�зӷ���Դ����ʹյ
(����ա���к����ҷ���Դ���) |
- They have already taken the test. �ǡ����Ӣ���ͺ���� (�����ҷ������ʹյ
����������ҷ� � �����˹) - Have you ever been to Europe? �س������û��� (������ʹյ�����
������к���ҵ�ͧ�繪�ǧ�˹�ͧ���Ե |
|
-�ӷ���ѡ����Ѻ present
perfect ��� -since -for +
(time) -always -___ times -lately -already -yet -just -never -ever -recently |
- I have worked here since 1999. �ѹ�ӧҹ������ҵ����� 1999. - I have worked here for 14 years. �ѹ�ӧҹ�������14 ������ - I have always worked here. �ѹ�ӧҹ������ҵ�ʹ - I haven't experienced working in other unit yet. �ѹ�ѧ������ջ��ʺ��ó�㹡�÷ӧҹ�Ѻ˹��§ҹ��� - I have just completed a military training. �ѹ��觨Ш��ҡ��ý֡���� - I have never participated in any joint combined exercise. �ѹ��������������ý֡����/�������� - I have ever witnessed a deadly accident once. ����˹�觩ѹ��������غѵ��˵������ç���µҢͧ����ͧ - I haven't seen the stray dog recently. ��ǧ��ѧ��� �ѹ������������عѢ�������Ңͧ��ǹ����� |
Rewrite the sentences using the word given. ����¹����¤����ҹ������ ����ӷ������� |
1. CAPT
Dudley lives on base. |
(in 2009) |
(never) |
2. Vice Admiral Lawrence is going to resign
soon. |
(last
October) |
(already) |
3. The
CO is yelling at the XO. |
(just) |
(this morning) |
4. All
commissioned officers subscribe to Naval Science Journal. |
(after) |
(recently) |
5. The fleet review attracts a large number of tourists. |
(always) |
(2 years
ago) |
��µ�����ҧ�ӵͺ
1. CAPT
Dudley lives on base. �����͡�Ѵ�������������㹰ҹ�Ѿ
|
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.goarmy.com/soldier-life/army-family-strong/army-daily-life/army-housing.html |
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(in 2009) CAPT
Dudley lived on base in 2009. �����͡�Ѵ�������������㹰ҹ�Ѿ����ͻ� 2009
simple past �͡��觷���Դ�������ҷ����͹�ʹյ |
||||
(never)
CAPT Dudley has never lived on base. �����͡�Ѵ������������������㹰ҹ�Ѿ present perfect �͡��觷��������ʹյ���Թ�֧�Ѩغѹ
(�Ѩ�غѹ���ѧ���������) |
||||
2. Vice Admiral Lawrence is going to resign soon. ����������ù������͡������� present progressive�͡��觷����ѧ���Դ��� |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.defense.gov/WeekInPhotos/WeekInPhotosSlideShow.aspx?Date=11/02/2008 |
|||
(last
October) Vice Admiral Lawrence resigned last October. ����������ù�����͡�����͵��Ҥ�����ҹ�� simple past �͡��觷���Դ�������ҷ����͹�ʹյ |
||||
(already) Vice Admiral Lawrence has already
resigned. ����������ù�����͡����� present perfect �͡��觷���з��������º�������� ����������ҷ���������� |
||||
3. The CO is yelling at the XO. ��.���͡��ѧ�Ф͡������ present progressive�͡��觷����ѧ�Դ��� |
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(just) The
CO has just yelled at the XO. ��.������觵Ф͡������present
perfect �͡��觷������������� |
||||
(this
morning) The CO yelled at the XO this morning. ��.���͵Ф͡�������������ҹ�� simple past �͡��觷���Դ�������ҷ����͹�ʹյ |
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4. All
commissioned officers subscribe to Naval Science Journal. ��·����Ñ�Һѵ÷ء�����Ѥ�����Ҫԡ�����ù��ԡ��ʵ�� simple
present �͡����稨�ԧ |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://rtninstitute.blogspot.com/2012/07/blog-post_588.html |
|||
(after)
After joining the unit, all commissioned officers subscribed to Naval Science
Journal. ��·����Ñ�Һѵ÷ء�������Ѥ�����Ҫԡ�����ù��ԡ��ʵ������͹ҹ������ simple past �͡��觷���Դ����ʹյ
� ����˹�� (�ѹ�������ҷӧҹ�˹���) |
||||
(recently)
All commissioned officers have recently subscribed to Naval Science Journal ��·����Ñ�Һѵ÷ء�������Ѥ�����Ҫԡ�����ù��ԡ��ʵ����������ҹ�ҹ�� present perfect �͡��觷�������������������� |
||||
5. The
fleet review attracts a large number of tourists. ����ǹʹ���ҧ���ʹ֧�ٴ�ѡ��ͧ����Ǩӹǹ�ҡ simple present
�͡����稨�ԧ |
|
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(always)
The fleet review has always attracted a large number of tourists. ����ǹʹ���ҧ�����ѡ�д֧�ٴ�ѡ��ͧ����Ǩӹǹ�ҡ present perfect �͡��觷��������ʹյ���Թ�֧�Ѩغѹ
(�Ѩ�غѹ���ѧ�֧�ٴ����) |
||||
(2 years
ago) The fleet review attracted a large number of tourists 2 years
ago. ����ǹʹ���ҧ��������� 2 �շ��������֧�ٴ�ѡ��ͧ����Ǩӹǹ�ҡ present
perfect �͡��觷��������ʹյ���Թ�֧�Ѩغѹ
(�Ѩ�غѹ���ѧ�֧�ٴ����) |
Grammar: suffix -ous, noun to adj
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.mysafetysign.com/Chemical-Hazard-Signs/Hazardous-Area-Sign/SAF-SKU-S-0499.aspx |
There
are many hazards here so it is a very hazardous area. ���������觷�����ѹ���¨ӹǹ�ҡ �ѹ�֧�繾�鹷���ѹ���� |
��ѡ���
�դӹ���ҧ�ӷ������ö����¹����繤Ӥس�Ѿ��
(adjectives) �� �¡����� -ous �����ѧ�ӹ����� �¨��դ���������� "���������仴���" ���ҧ�蹵�����ҧ��ҹ��
hazardous = ���仴����ѹ����
Fill in
the blanks by choosing the words in right column. ���������¤�������ó��¨Ѻ���Ѻ��㹴�ҹ���
|
|
1. Is
water vapor the ______ form of water? |
humorous |
2. Everyone should realize smoking is ______ to our lungs. |
poisonous |
3. I can't stop laughing. It's ______. |
danger |
4. The plane went down in a ______ area. |
gaseous |
5. A well-educated person should be ______. |
erroneous |
6. Some plants in forests can be ______. |
adventurous |
7. I like his ______. He can always make me laugh. |
mountainous |
8. We'd better run. I can feel that ______ is coming. |
courteous |
9. Bungy jumping is an ______
activity which can pump up adrenalin. |
humor |
10. He is so absent-minded. Look at the ______ report he wrote. |
injurious |
���
1. Is water vapor the gaseous form of water? �͹���繤�͹����ٻ�ͧ������������� gas (noun) gaseous (adj.) |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.treehugger.com/corporate-responsibility/busting-a-myth-does-facebook-water-vapor-comment-disprove-global-warming.html |
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2. Everyone
should realize smoking is injurious
to our lungs. �ء����õ��˹ѡ��ҡ���ٺ����������ʹ�ͧ��ҺҴ�� injury (noun) injurious (adj.) |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/01/29/lungs-from-heavy-smokers-may-be-just-as-safe-for-double-lung-transplant/ |
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3. I can't
stop laughing. It's humorous. �ѹ��ش������������
�ѹ�š�ҡ humor (noun) humorous (adj.) |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.nydailynews.com/life-style/health/uncontrollable-laughing-isn-chuckle-article-1.166882 |
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4. The
plane went down in a mountainous
area. ����ͧ�Թ��ŧ㹾�鹷�������仴������� mountain (noun) mountainous (adj.) |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.whatsonxiamen.com/news17419.html |
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5. A
well-educated person should be courteous. ������ա���֡�ҷ��դ��������ҷ courtesy (noun) courteous (adj.) |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.traditioninaction.org/Cultural/A052cpIntroductions.htm |
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6. Some
plants in forests can be poisonous. �ת�ҧ��Դ㹻���Ҩ�繾�� poison (noun) poisonous (adj.) |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/poisonous-plants-and-fungi |
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7. I like
his humor. He can always make me laugh. �ѹ�ͺ�����š�ͧ��
���ѡ�з����ѹ������� humor (noun) humorous (adj.) |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://www.funnyloves.com/funny-mr-bean-back-in-child-life-funny-man-pictures/ |
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8. We'd
better run. I can feel that danger
is coming. ��Ҥ�è��պ��� �ѹ����֡������ѹ���¡��ѧ�� danger (noun) dangerous (adj.) |
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9. Bungy jumping is an adventurous activity which can pump up adrenalin. ���ⴴ�ѹ��������繡Ԩ��������ҷ�¤���������
�������ö���������д�չ��չ�ٺ�մ adventure (noun) adventurous (adj.) |
|
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10. He is so
absent-minded. Look at the erroneous
report he wrote. �������ҡ
�٧ҹ�������¹�ҫ�
�����ͼԴ��Ҵ error (noun) errorneous (adj.) |
�Ҿ�ҡ http://franklymydear14.blogspot.com |
Grammar: Preposition of
Time
|
We'll
have two week vacations at Christmas! ��Ҩ����ѹ��ش�֧
2 �ѻ����㹪�ǧ���ʵ���� |
Preposition of time ���� �ؾ���͡���� ������ҡ���
����դ������·��ᵡ��ҧ�ѹ �ͧ�֡�ҵ��ҧ��ҧ��ҧ���
preposition
of time |
����������� ʶҹ��ó����� |
������ҧ |
about/around |
- ����� ����ҳ - about/around + time |
- About 10 o'clock, the team broke in to
rescue the hostage. ����ҳ 10 ���ԡ�
�����ء���仪��µ�ǻ�Сѹ - The dining in will probably finish around midnight. �ҹ�ҵ������ù�Ҩ����稻���ҳ���§�׹ |
after |
- ����� ��ѧ�ҡ - After + n.ing/sentence, main clause. - Main clause after + n.ing/sentence. - after + ���� |
- After taking care of the victim, the
medic made the report to the police. - After the medic took care of the victim,
he made the report to the police. ��ѧ�ҡ�����������ͼ������������ ���˹�ҷ��ᾷ��������§ҹ������˹�ҷ����Ǩ - After 11 o'clock the medic will have
to go back to the hospital. ��ѧ11���ԡ�
���˹�ҷ��ᾷ��е�ͧ��Ѻ价���ç��Һ�� |
at |
- ����� � (����) - at + ���ҵ�����ԡ� / ��ǧ�ȡ��
/
dawn / noon / midnight / night / the moment |
- The canteen is the most crowded at noon. �ç����è��蹷���ش�͹���§ - The C130 will take off at 1900 hrs sharp. ����ͧ C130 �Т������ 1900
�ç - Many people will travel back to their
hometown at New Year. ���ӹǹ�ҡ���Թ�ҧ��Ѻ��������㹪�ǧ������ - The aircraft carrier is having a situation at
the moment. ���ͺ�÷ء����ͧ�Թ���ѧ�����ʶҹ��ó����Ӻҡ |
before |
- ����� ��͹��� - Before + n.ing/sentence, main clause. - Main clause before + n.ing/sentence. - before + ���� |
- Before making the report to the police,
the medic took care of the victim. - The medic took care of the victim before
he made the report to the police. ��͹���з���§ҹ������˹�ҷ����Ǩ
���˹�ҷ��ᾷ����������ͼ�����������¡�͹ - The medic has to submit the report before
11 o'clock. ���˹�ҷ��ᾷ��е�ͧ����§ҹ��͹ 11 ���ԡ� |
between |
- ����� �����ҧ - before + �ش�������
+
and +�ش����ش
|
- The commandant will be in an important
meeting between 08:30 and 11:30. ���Ñ�ҡ���ç���¹������㹡�û�Ъ���ӤÑ���������
0830
�֧
1130 |
by |
- ����� ������Թ���� - by + �ش���� |
- The participants need to be in the room by
10 o'clock for opening ceremony. �����������ҹ�ء����ͧ件֧��ͧ�Ѵ�ҹ����Թ 10���ԡ�
����Ѻ�����Ը��Դ (件֧��͹���� �������ѧ�ҡ���) |
during |
- ����� ������ҧ ���� ��ʹ - during + the/that/this +
morning/night/day/week/month/year/time/season - during + �� |
- It rained during the night. ������ʹ�׹��� - My family will spend a week in Chiang Mai during
the long holiday. ��ͺ���Ǣͧ�ѹ�������� 1 �ҷԵ�����§����㹪�ǧ�ѹ��ش��ǹ�� - During 2009, I had experienced a hard
time. �ѹ���ʺ�Ѻ�����ҡ�Ӻҡ��ʹ�� 2009 |
for |
- ����� ���������� - for + �ӹǹ���� - �ѡ����Ѻ perfect
tense |
- Ruckchanok has been
playing badminton for 10 years. �ѡ������Ẵ�Թ�ѹ�������� 10 ������ |
from |
- ����� ���������� - from + �ش���� |
- You have to study harder,
and let start from now. �س�е�ͧ��ѹ���¹����ҡ��� ��������ҡ�͹������ |
in |
- ����� ����� - in + ��ǧ���Ңͧ�ѹ/��͹/��/�.�./ȵ����/Ĵ� |
- In summer, there are more people
walking outside at night. �Ĵ���͹
���դ��ӹǹ�ҡ�͡���Թ��蹢�ҧ�͡�͹��ҧ�׹ |
of |
- ����� ��͹ - of + ���� |
- I would like to take a week's leave of the
holidays. ����ҡ������ش 1 �ѻ�����͹�ѹ��ش�ȡ�� |
on |
- ����� ��ѹ �����ѹ��� - of + day/date |
- On the fourth of July, there will be
amazing firework display at night. ��ѹ��� 4 �.�. ���ա���ʴ���ط���ҷ��㹵͹��ҧ�׹ |
over |
- ����� ��ʹ�������������ҧ - over + ���� |
- I plan to go to Kanchanaburi
over the weekend. �ѹ�ҧἹ�������Ò������㹵�ʹ��ǧ�ش�ѻ������ |
past |
- ����� ��ҹ����..����� - past + ���� |
- My kids stayed up past their bedtime waiting
for me to come back from party. �١�ͧ�ѹ��������ҹ͹ ������ѹ��Ѻ�ҡ�ҹ������ ��������ҹ͹�ͧ�ǡ������� |
since |
- ����� ����� - since + �ش������ͧ����
- �ѡ����Ѻ perfect
tense |
- Ruckchanok has been
playing badminton since 2003. �ѡ������Ẵ�Թ�ѹ�ҵ����� 2003 |
through |
- ����� ��ʹ - through + ���� |
- Fortunately, I slept through the night. ⪤�ըѧ
�ѹ��Ѻ��ǵ�ʹ�׹ |
till/until |
- ����� ����з�� - till/until + ����/����¤�͡���� |
- He had played basketball until he broke
his leg. ����蹺��ࡵ����ҵ�ʹ����з�觢����ѡ(�֧��ش���) |
Choose the best preposition for the blanks. �����͡�ؾ�����١��ͧ
|
1. You must be ready _____ 10 p.m. a. at b. in c. for |
2. The
cadets were very tired _____
the end of the day. a. by b. on c. with |
3. Report
to the CO _____ 10 o'clock. a. since b. for c. before |
4. The
drill for the parade will begin _____
April 20. a. for b. between c. around |
5. The
order will not come out _____
Monday. a. until b. at c. in |
���
1. You
must be ready at 10 p.m. �س�е�ͧ�����
� ���� ������ |
2. The cadets were very tired by the end of the day. �ѡ���¹������ͷ�������˹��������ҡ������Ҷ֧�͹���ͧ�ѹ |
3. Report to the CO before 10 o'clock. ���§ҹ��ǡѺ
��.���͡�͹ 10
���ԡ� |
4. The drill for the parade will begin around April 20. ��ý֡����Ѻ����ǹʹ�������������ҳ�ѹ���
20 ��.�. |
5. The order will not come out until Monday. ����觨�����͡�Ҩ����Ҩ��ѹ�ѹ��� |